![]() ![]() Taking this diversity into account, this review was designed to critically appraise and summarize reports on horse trauma as well as examine the characteristics of injured equestrians, characteristics of horse trauma, and clinical outcomes. The epidemiology of horse trauma is difficult to specifically characterize with some studies analyzing large national databases through to small, single institutions from a variety of countries and geographical areas. Therefore, it is timely to provide an updated review of the literature. took a broader review of injuries with Havlik reviewing literature from 2007 to 2009 and Meredith et al. was specifically on traumatic brain injury and Gates and Lin on head and spinal injuries. Adults were more expensive to treat than children (0–14 years of age) and over 76.3% of the total cost was for recreational equestrians.įour previous literature reviews on horse trauma were sourced. The average cost per patient was NZ $7805 with males costing more (NZ $8901) than females (NZ $7391). estimated the cost for 332 patients in New Zealand (2012–2016) at NZ $2.6 million with the costliest 10% of patients accounting for 36.9% of the overall cost (NZ $929,285). calculated the mean expenditure per injured patient at USD $29,737 with the total expenditure for all the patients ( N = 222) more than USD $6.5 million. When analyzing the costs for treatment at a USA Level 1 Trauma Centre for the period of 2010–2013, Adler et al. A USA study which analyzed thoroughbred horse farm workers’ compensation insurance claims (2008–2015) found that the total amount paid on claims were USD $11,181,268 and the total number of lost-time days was 18,412. gave a conservative calculation of 3.2 million Euro annually of 1800 Euro per injury event. In a Swedish study (1997–2014), Meredith et al. Horse trauma incurs significant costs at several levels. While fractures are the predominant injury sustained, it is abdominal trauma and head injuries, ranging from concussion through to severe structural brain injury, that are usually responsible for longer hospitalization and death. Injuries occur in both mounted and unmounted situations with many injuries considered as serious. Most horse trauma occurs during recreational activities, with a greater representation of adult females, children, and teenagers. British Equestrian reported 1.8 million regular equestrians and approximately 1% (283,000) of the Australian population are horse enthusiasts. In the United States of America (USA), it is estimated that each year 20 million people aged 16 years and older participate in horse-related activities. Despite these inherent risks, horses and humans have close ties in occupational and recreational activities with all age and gender groups involved. Horses are large, heavy, and unpredictable animals that run at high speeds and can kick, strike, and bite. Health care workers need to be cognizant of the scope of trauma presentations as the mechanisms of injury can be complicated putting the equestrian at a high risk of associated injuries that may be life-threatening. The popularity of occupational and recreational horse activities does not seem to wane and horse trauma continues to represent a significant concern for the health system. ![]() For the equestrians who were admitted to hospital, around one-third required surgery. Most individuals with horse trauma were treated in the Emergency Department and discharged. The commonest injuries include fractures, and head, thoracic, and abdominal trauma. Females in their late-20 s to mid-30 s who are recreational equestrians are the group most represented in the data. Most injuries often follow falls and kicks. There have only been very slight changes in horse trauma numbers and outcomes over the past 5 years. Most studies were undertaken in the USA and the most used method was a retrospective review of hospital or trauma registry data. The search returned 115 relevant full-text articles but after screening and assessment for eligibility, 39 were included in this review for a detailed examination of horse trauma epidemiology. MethodsĪ literature search was conducted from health-related electronic databases to identify studies from 2018 to 2023. This review reports on horse trauma in relation to the characteristics of injured equestrians, characteristics of horse trauma, and clinical outcomes. ![]() They are large, strong, temperamental, and unpredictable animals and people involved with them are at risk for injuries, from minor abrasions to severe injuries that may lead to death. Horses are used for many recreational and occupational activities. ![]()
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